A Child Protection Social Worker Social Work Essays

A Child Protection Social Worker Social Work Essays A Child Protection Social Worker Social Work Essay A Child Protection Social Worker Social Work Essay Upon a societal service section having the initial referral a determination will be made by the director whether to move upon the information received. In the instance of Samantha and her kids the referral offers adequate information to run into the standards for a societal worker to set about an Initial Assessment. Local Authority ( Social Services ) Act ( 1970 ) , places a responsibility on governments to provided societal services. It sets out a legal model for local governments and societal work duties in a statutory function, this being continually updated. In the instance of Samantha and her kids the authorization in which the household reside in have a legal duty to set about an appraisal and a corporate duty to supply services to kids in demand and grownups, if necessary. Powers grant Local Authorities to move in certain ways but there is no duty to make so and there is a grade of discretion of how powers are applied. In relation to the instance survey, the societal worker wo uld hold the power to originate contact with the household and other professionals they felt may supply valuable information to help in the appraisal procedure ( Brammer, 2010 ) . When transporting out the appraisal, the societal worker would mention to statute law which governs what they can make in order to safeguard kids. The Children Act, ( 1989 ) sets out that the public assistance of the kid is overriding, the kid being the primary client ( Brayne A ; Carr, 2010 ) . The Act provides the legal model within which societal work pattern with kids and households is situated and promotes the household as being the best topographic point for the kid to be brought up in, where it is safe and possible to make so. The Act besides includes principals with respects to welfare, kids s rights and introduced the construct of parental duty ( Children Act, 1989, s.3, Brammer, 2010 ) . The Act states that the local authorization is required to supply services for children in demand, their households and others ( Children Act 1989, sec.17 ) and look into if they have sensible cause to surmise a kid is enduring or is likely to endure from important injury ( Children Act 1989, sec.47 ) . It besides gives the authorization the power to use to the tribunal if they believe the kid is enduring or is likely to endure important injury, puting the kid in local authorization attention ( Children Act, 1989, sec 31 ) . The Children Act ( 2004 ) was introduced following an question into the decease of Victoria Climbe by Lord Laming. The Government responded by bring forthing a green paper Every Child Matters and Wales Rights to Action , this led onto base on balls the Children Act 2004. Its chief focal point is to foreground the importance of multi-agency working puting a responsibility on local governments and their spouses including wellness, schools, and the Police to work responsibly and collaboratively to advance the well-being and safety of kids. A common appraisal model was introduced so that societal workers and spouse bureaus could supply better preventive support for households deemed non to make child protection thresholds. The debut of the Common Assessment Framework ( CAF ) considers a holistic position of the kid and their household, integrating the kid s developmental demands, rearing capacity and household and environmental factors ( Brammer, 2010 ) . In relation to the instance sur vey at that place have been concerns sing Callum and Claudia from their school. The Education Act 2002 besides includes a proviso necessitating school regulating organic structures, instruction governments and farther instruction establishments to safeguard and advance the public assistance of kids ( NSPCC, 2012 ) . Using the CAF will besides let the societal worker to research household issues refering the kids s male parent, older siblings and immediate household. The CAF will besides see the households individuality and advance any Welsh linguistic communication demands in conformity with the Welsh Language Act 1993 ( CCW, 2002, 1.6 ) . In response to the Children Act, 2004 the Welsh Assembly Government ( WAG ) produced, Safeguarding Children ; Working Together under the Children Act 2004, supplying local governments with guidelines and descriptions of functions of spouse bureaus and focused on working responsively and proactively ( WAG, 2004 ) . The All Wales Child Protection Pr ocedures, 2008 were besides introduced upon recommendations from Lord Lamings study bespeaking that authoritiess strengthen their kid protection processs ( WAG, 2008 ) . The Human Rights Act 1989 besides plays an of import function in the societal work appraisal. Professionals are required to continue and support the rights of persons whilst seeking to run into their demands. The Act has besides to a great extent influenced the Disability Discriminations Act, 2005 and Equality Act, 2006 A ; 2010 ( Brayne A ; Shoot, 2010 ) . Cymrus have besides implemented their ain presenting The Equality and Human Rights Commission in 2007 ( BASW, 2011 ) . This statute law will be relevant when taking into history the demands of Samantha in relation to her historical mental wellness jobs. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 ( UNCRC ) , is an international understanding that protects the human rights of kids under the age of 18 and recognises kids as possessing rights on equal terms with grownups. This along with the Human Rights Act 1989 is instrumental in the CAF as it requests that the kid is to be seen and a consideration of their demands and wants recorded. The kids, along with Samantha have the right to hold their wants and feelings known in relation to any appraisal or intercession undertaken ( Children Act, 1989 sec. 22 Human Rights Act, 1989, UNCRC, 1989 article 12 ) . There are besides national organic structures that provide societal attention professionals with common counsel on their pattern. These are the British Association of Social Workers ( BASW ) , the General Social Care Council ( GSCC ) and in relation to Wales the Care Council of Wales ( CCW ) and the National Occupational Standards of Social Work ( NOS ) . The statute law and counsel discussed will help the societal worker in set abouting an initial appraisal of Samantha and her kids. Using the CAF will assist to set up what back up if any the household requires. The appraisal should demo the strengths, troubles and impact of the state of affairs on the household ( Parker A ; Bradley, 2008 ) . The societal worker will necessitate to find from an analyses of the appraisal whether the kids are kids in demand ( Children Act, 1989 sec. 17 ) or kids in demand of protection ( Children Act 1989 sec.47 ) . The worker will be required to work aboard other professionals in a multi-agency attack in peculiar instruction, possible mental wellness bureaus and recognizing that the kids, in peculiar Callum possibly a immature carer ( Children Act, 2004, Disability Discrimination Act, 2005, Equality Act, 2006 A ; 2010, Carers Recognition A ; Services Act 1995 ) . The societal worker would besides be staying by statutory organic structures codificati ons of moralss in recognizing and advancing services users rights, working unfastened and candidly and esteeming their positions and wants ( BASW, 2012 CCW, 2002, CCW, 2003 GSCC, 2002 ) . Section B. Upon reception of this farther information from the Health Visitor, the Local Authority would hold a responsibility under the Children Act 1989 to originate Sec.47 questions. The Children Act 1989 Sec. 1b provinces that, If the local authorization have sensible cause to surmise that a kid who lives or is found in their country is enduring or is likely to endure important injury. The authorization shall do or do to be made such questions as they consider necessary to enable them to make up ones mind whether they should safeguard or advance the kid s public assistance . Following this statute law the societal worker in audience with a senior director would set about a scheme treatment at the earliest chance. Information would be gathered from the referrer and besides the adviser baby doctor and discussed with the constabulary ; this can be done via telephone ( WAG, 2008 ) . Any other relevant information about the household should besides be shared during this clip. Information should be given to the Police sing Samantha s spouse David and checked against the police national database, although this should hold been done as portion of the Core Assessment procedure. Pertinent inquiries should be raised sing the advisers appraisal of the alleged burn Markss ; How did the infirmary visit come about? Why did the adviser non do the referral themselves? Was Claudia sent place after the scrutiny? The scheme treatment should hold the class of action to be taken ; if a medical scrutiny is needed, whether the probe would be a individual or joint bureau respons e ( societal services entirely or in concurrence with the constabulary ) and what information should be shared with the household at this clip. It should besides take into consideration the demands of any other kids who may be affected, in this instance Claudia s brother Callum ( WAG, 2008 ) . As portion of the Sec.47 questions it is a statutory demand for the societal worker to see the kid unless there is adequate grounds and information to continue ( Children Act, 1989 s47.4 ) . It is of import that any treatments with kids are done in a manner that minimises the hurt and maximises the likeliness of them supplying clear and accurate histories ( Brayne A ; Carr, 2010 ) . Due to the earnestness of the information sing Claudia and Callum and the presence of a possible non inadvertent hurt, the determination needs to be made whether exigency action is needed. This may be because entree to the kid is being refused ; parent is declining a medical scrutiny or intentionally detaining questions. Legal advice should besides be available through the local authorization s legal service ( WAG, 2008 ) . Following this there are a scope of options available to the local authorization for procuring the protection of Claudia and Callum. Samantha may hold to David go forthing the family and subscribe a safe-care understanding for him non to hold contact with the kids. Although this may non be possible as there are allegations of a non-accidental hurt with no sensible account to the cause. Claudia and Callum may be cared for be extended household topic to safeguarding cheques ( WAG, 2008 ) . The kids may be looked after by the local authorization with parental understanding ( Children Act, 1989, sec. 20 ) . Social services can besides do an application to tribunal for an Emergency Protection Order, leting them to suit the kids for up to eight yearss without parental consent. The last option is Powers of Police Protection whereby the Police have the power to take the kids ( WAG, 2008, Williams, 2008 ) . Although there must be no hold in safeguarding kids who are at hazard, it is of import to be cognizant of the possible injury and break such proceedings may hold on the kids involved and every attempt must be made to understate this. Section C. Under the Human Rights Act 1998, Claudia has the right to esteem for a household life and privateness and local governments have to warrant any intervention in household life with any engagement being necessary and proportionate ( HRA, 1998 article.8 ) . This is besides supported by the UNCRC 1988. These rights can be compromised when there are concerns sing kid public assistance and kid protection. Local governments exerting their legal responsibilities and maps must make so without go againsting the rights of kids and their parents. In relation to Claudia and the escalating concerns for her public assistance and safety, societal services are lawfully justified in step ining in household life if it is to protect her wellness and well-being ( Laird, 2010 ) . This must merely go on in conformity to the jurisprudence, Children Act 1989 and must non interfere with the convention jurisprudence, beyond what is perfectly indispensable to forestall some sort of injury ( Laird, 2010, p150 ) . The instance survey high spots incidents of intensifying earnestness with respects to Claudia, she has suspected non inadvertent hurts and her brother Callum has alleged that David has slept in her room on occasions, this alongside ongoing issues of disregard. This information would be sufficient to trip mandatory steps by the local authorization under sec.47 Children Act 1989. Section 47 questions and powers of constabulary protection to take kids in an exigency do non necessitate a tribunal order. A tribunal order ensures that there is a forum in which the rights of those who are involved and what is needed in order to safeguard the kid can be considered by a justice, this ensures that in most instances mandatory steps will non usually transgress Article 8 ECHR ( Williams, 2008 ) . In state of affairss of utmost urgency where the kid is at hazard of important injury, associating to the instance survey and the non-accidental hurts to Claudia, the local authorization can use to the tribunal for an exigency protection order ( EPO ) which can be granted by a individual magistrate without the anterior cognition of the parents ( Laird, 2010 ) . Courts must see Claudia s public assistance as paramount and must be satisfied that doing an order is better than doing no order at all. Local governments must look to place household arrangements for the kid before choosing for surrogate attention. Laird ( 2010 ) uses an illustration of X Local Authority V B ( Emergency Protection Orders ) , whereby the local authorization where the kids lived did non take into history the viability of arrangements with drawn-out household members before using for an EPO. This conflicting article 8, as taking the kids from all their relations into surrogate attention is the most utmost intervention in household life. In relation to Claudia, if she was to be removed from the attention of her female parent, into surrogate attention and perchance separated from her brother, without giving anterior consideration to any immediate or extended household may transgress her rights under article 8 or the Human Rights Act 1998 and UNCRC 1989. Working in partnership with professionals during kid protection processs is guided through statute law and bureau functions, powers and responsibilities. The difficultly can be working in partnership with parents particularly when they are non in understanding with the procedure. In kid protection work the relationship between parent and societal worker can be fraught and tightly directed by legal and procedural demands ( Pinkerton A ; Devaney, 2009 ) . If Claudia was to stay in the attention of her female parent, she would be the topic of an Initial Child Protection Conference. WAG ( 2008 ) states that where possible parents and others with parental duty should be invited to go to and helped to the full to take portion. They besides have the option of conveying an advocator or legal representative. Family members and professional should be able to portion information in a safe and non-threatening environment and for household members to talk to the chair in the absence of other rel ations, particularly if there is a hazard of force or bullying ( Brammer, 2007 CCW, 2002, 1.3, 3.1 ) . This could be evident in relation to Samantha if Claudia s male parent holding parental duty besides attended the conference. The societal worker should besides run into with the parents beforehand to portion the study which highlights the concerns conveying them to conference. The chair should besides run into before the conference to guarantee that they understand the process and intent of the event ( Brammer, 2007 ) . At six old ages old, Claudia is able to voice her wants and feelings and this should be done through direct work with the societal worker, non to obtain a revelation about possible maltreatment, but to construct a swearing relationship between worker and kid with the kid being able to experience safe and unafraid whether they remain at place or in arrangement ( Milner A ; OByrne, 2009, CCW, 2002 1.2, 2.1 UNCRC, 1989, article 12 ) . Studies show that kids are capab le of understanding complex state of affairss and are able to build ways of covering with them, so an honorable account of the state of affairs is more productive, nevertheless immature they are. However issues can originate when the kid knows merely excessively good the earnestness of the state of affairs. Claudia may waver and experience unable to speak freely as she may worry how the information discussed will be used. If she is to return place to her female parent, she may be questioned over what she has said ( Milner A ; OByrne, 2009 ) . Although the worker will esteem the confidentially of Claudia, it is non entirely guaranteed and this should be explained to her in an age appropriate mode, guaranting her apprehension ( BASW, 2011, CCW, 2002, 2.3, Children Act 2004 sec. 12 ) . Any revelations from Claudia which could potentially set her or others at hazard will necessitate mandatory action under sec. 47 Children Act 1989. Whilst working with Claudia and her household the societal worker will be guided by statute law and statutory counsel which will on times conflict with human rights and ethical values. The very nature of kid protection work can be oppressive with a distinguishable power instability. The power and position is steadfastly with the worker who is advantaged by being person of the authorization. It is besides likely to be reinforced by the parents and kids being disadvantaged by gender, category, race and age ( Pinkerton A ; Devaney, 2009 ) . Children s rights to protection are clearly laid out in international and domestic jurisprudence ( Human Rights Act, 1998, UNCRC, 1989, Children Act, 1989/2004 ) and promoted in national and international codifications of moralss and pattern counsel ( International Federation of Social Workers, British Association of Social Workers A ; Care Council of Wales ) . In relation to Claudia the Human Rights Act 1989 and UNCRC 1989 article 8, supports her right to stay in the attention of her female parent. In contrast to this article 19 ensures that Claudia is protected from force, maltreatment and disregard by her parents or anyone else who looks after her. Article 9 goes on to back up the remotion of the kid for their ain protection but promotes contact with parents if safe to make so ( UNCRC, 1989 ) . The societal worker would meet ethical quandary during her work with Claudia and have to equilibrate her demands and involvements where they may conflict with those of others, particularly other professionals, and child protection issues in respects to her safety ( CCW, 2002, BASW, 2011 ) . The worker would use the relevant codifications of moralss and pattern about issues of information sharing and confidentiality ( CCW, 2002 2.3, 6.5, 6.7 ) . However in relation to child protection and the jurisprudence, the public assistance of the kid would ever be paramount over any rights of confidentiality ( Children Act, 1989 ) . The societal worker would necessitate to give due consideration sing Claudia s life-skills and cognition and advance her engagement in the procedure that concerns her ( BASW, 2011, 2.1, CCW, 2002, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1 ) . Although consideration of a kid s wants and feelings does non enforce a responsibility to move upon them ( Brayne A ; Preston-Shoot, 2010 ) . Overall this assignment highlights the complex nature of societal work in one of the most demanding countries, kid protection. The demand to follow statute law and statutory counsel and to equilibrate that with the person s human rights, taking into consideration moralss, non-oppressive and anti-discriminatory pattern can, on times be a extremely combative procedure but one that hopefully has the desired result, the kid has been protected and is safe from injury. Children have a right to populate in this universe and be protected from force, maltreatment and disregard and kid protection should be the concern of everyone. There have been incidents when things have gone incorrect and unfortunately kids have died as a consequence, lessons have been learnt and jurisprudence and policy nationally and internationally has been changed to hopefully forestall this in the hereafter.

Poetry Writing Courses for International Students

Poetry Writing Courses for International Students Poetry Writing Courses for International Students People usually write poems because they want to capture a moment or certain emotion they have experienced. Poetry employs a different approach to communication with the reader. This genre of literature has its own devices and techniques to convey your experience to the audience. Practice makes perfect, but if you write poems, or at least tried to, you know that prior knowledge of these techniques is extremely helpful. Here is a list of courses that will help you start the journey into poetry, improve your skills as a writer and publish your work. Some of the courses are free and some of them are paid, but all of them are online, and thus, suitable for international students. â€Å"What is poetry?† from OpenLearn is a free course, a popular platform for online studies. It is great for beginners as it covers the basics, teaches how to use writing techniques and literary devices. This course is designed for people who wish to start writing poems, but for some reason keep postponing. It can help you realize what stops you from writing, and free your imagination. â€Å"Poetry writing† form Gotham Writers is useful for those who cant find their way with words. The course teaches how to make the most powerful impact on the reader, but also addresses the forms of poetry and writing techniques. This course is also held in New York, so you can take it in person if you live near this location, or if you are going to visit the city in time of their workshop. â€Å"Writing poetry† from University of Oxford focuses on writing devices and how to use them. If you trust university education more than private courses, than this course might be better for you. After completing it, you will feel more confident in your writing skills, learn different types of verse forms and poetic structures. â€Å"Poetry writing course† from London School of Journalism consists of 8 lessons. It is a complete course that walks you through from the basics to getting published. If you want to find your personal style this one is definitely for you. â€Å"ENGL 310: Modern Poetry† is one of the introductory courses from Yale University. It consists of 25 free lectures and an exam. The course is useful for people who would like to get acquainted with authors of modern poetry and find inspiration in their writing. â€Å"Writing and reading poetry†, interestingly enough, is yet another poetry writing course from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It has an emphasis on practice of making poetry and analyzing 20th century poetry. This course is more useful for students, who already know everything in theory and want to start practicing. If you want to start writing poems or you do, but feel like something is missing from your work, or you just cant get published for some reason, take up an online course. Fill the gaps in your knowledge or skills. On another note, in an auditorium, you will have to share your progress with a bunch of other students. If you are a beginner and feel intimidated with taking a creative group course, an online programme is a good place to start. Visit our trustworthy writing service to buy student essays online if you need help with writing your academic papers.

Strangers on a Train Flim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strangers on a Train Flim - Essay Example He uses double crossing at various point. Firstly, the lighter of Guy Haines plays an important role in the movie and has a crosses tennis racket set. Secondly, in the beginning of the film, Hitchcock shows Bruno ordering for two drinks, no the train. This again, is an attempt to accentuate the criss-crossing theme. Thirdly, the initial part of the film shows a murder being committed and this is captured as double reflection on the glasses of the victim. Thus, Hitchcock makes use of this motif to create a greater impact on the audiences. 3) Hitchcock sets most of the story in the world of Washington, D.C. (not the setting in the novel on which the film is based). Name three places in D.C shown in the film, and explain briefly how this world (physical and cultural) contributes to the meaning of the story. Washington D.C is the main setting of ‘Strangers on the Train’ and Hitchcock shows us few scenes placed in the capital. Firstly, the scene where in the two strangers get down form their cabs and board the train is a great way to establish the capital city, in the movie. Secondly, the scene before Miriam is murdered shows her with her two boyfriends, at an amusement park. This again is set in Washington D.C. Thirdly, the scene wherein Guy Haines, the tennis pro is shown at a tennis club is again set in Washington D.C. The very fact that Guy’s girlfriend, Ann Morton’s father is a Senator strengths the Washington D.C setting further more. The physical world at Washington D.C is rather rich and sophisticated, with shiny cabs, amusement parks, tennis clubs, etc. This establishes the

The Business Organization Of McDonalds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Business Organization Of McDonalds - Essay Example The gradual transition that saw the move from the previous industrial age an into the information age has been seen to bring management and leadership changes within various organizations. It has been argued that the machine view of organizations is essentially a closed system and is not able to satisfactorily accommodate the required in the rapidly changing information age environment. It is imperative that all organizations ensure that they progressively become more flexible in nature so as to remain competitive in addition to being able to adequately respond to the growing number of various economic pressures, the extremely rapid pace of change, the expanding globalization, as well as the seemingly increasing influx of both technology and information. The constant need for organizations to be flexible has been seen to precipitate organizational structures that are seen to be inherently leaner, flatter as well as more cooperative. As opposed to mechanistic organizations where chang e is invariably seen to be mostly controlled at the task or action level, the metaphor of viewing organizations as the human brain is seen to involve a process of double-loop learning. A double-loop learning system is seen to look at the various variable that is seen to govern actions, this essentially means attempting to understand the deeper assumptions that happen to normally be taken-for-granted underneath the usual operational norms. People are encouraged to attempt and critically examine their own behavior.... This innovative move on the part of McDonald’s is seen as being responsible for helping the company maintain both its franchisee and manager loyalty despite the harsh and often highly competitive market (Mceachern, 2006). It was during the 1960s that the company went on to develop the face of Ronald McDonald as the company brand’s main face. The company also released the Big Mac Burger during the sixties and the big Mac Burger went on to quickly becoming McDonald’s most popular burger product. It was during the 1970s that the McDonald’s corporation started giving back to the society via its Ronald McDonald House Charity (Shenron, 2009). In an aggressive growth strategy, McDonald’s spread its branches to Japan by 1971 and then on to both China and Russia in 1990. The company also worked on expanding to areas outside the United States and by the year 1995, it was estimated that more than half of all the company’s restaurants were actually locat ed in areas that were outside the United States. By the year, 2000, McDonald’s had grown to serving an estimated over 50 million individuals worldwide on a daily basis (Duiker and Spielvogel, 2013). McDonald’s Corporation is currently perceived as being the worlds’ largest store chain composed of hamburger fast food restaurants. According to McDonald’s website the company is the global leading fastfood service retailer and has an estimated over 34,000 local restaurant outlets in about 119 different countries globally.These restaurants help the company serve over 69 million people each day (aboutMcDonalds’s, 2013). The company employs a franchisees and suppliers business system that are attributed to the success of the McDonald’s

Hematology Report Essay Example for Free

Hematology Report Essay The term comes from a Greek word â€Å"glukus† which means sweet. It is an organic compound, a simple sugar (monosaccharide) with a chemical formula C6H12O6, which occurs widely in most tissues of plants and animals. A major source of energy in the body, glucose is the principal circulating sugar. It is also knows as D-glucose, D-glucopyranose, grape sugar, corn sugar, dextrose, and cerelose. Glucose, whether in free or combined form, is the most common of the sugars and the most abundant organic compound in nature. Grapes, figs, and other sweet fruits and honey had been found to have considerably high concentration content. It is also found, although in lesser concentrations, in animal body fluids such as in the blood and lymph. Urine of diabetic patients usually contains 3-5 %. Absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine, it is carried through the portal vein to the liver wherein it is stored as glycogen. The rest reenters to the circulatory system. Glycogen is also stored in the muscle tissue (See â€Å"Glucose†) †¢ Catalyst for: a major contributor in metabolism. †¢ Disorders/Diseases: 1. High Levels: diabetes mellitus ? It is characterized by high levels of blood sugar (glucose), caused from defects in insulin secretion or action, or even both. In normal conditions, blood glucose levels are highly controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin helps lower the glucose level in the blood. In diabetic patients, the absence or insufficient production of insulin causes hyperglycemia. Although diabetes can be controlled, it is a chronic medical condition, which lasts a lifetime (See â€Å"What is diabetes? †) 2. Low Levels: hypoglycemia ? This disorder occurs when glucose levels falls too low resulting in the malfunction of cells. Symptoms develop such as cool skin, nervousness, headache, confusion, convulsion or even coma. Control of its level and metabolism is greatly important. 2. ) Urea Nitrogen (BUN) †¢ Definition: Urea is formed in the liver. It is a nitrogen-containing substance, which is normally cleared into the urine from the blood by the kidney. This was the first organic chemical compound that was synthesized. Friedrich Wohler, a German chemist, who accidentally made urea while in the process of attempting to make ammonium cyanate from silver cyanide and ammonium chloride (See â€Å"Definition of Urea†). It is a small organic molecule composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen and is formed from ammonia in the kidney and liver (See â€Å"What is Urea†). †¢ BUN: stands for Blood Urea Nitrogen This is a test that is used to measure the levels of urea in the blood. When diseases occur in the kidney, which comprises its function will frequently lead to increased level in the blood. The BUN level in the blood can also rise among patients who are dehydrated. Urea nitrogen is a waste product of protein metabolism in the blood. This is a test that measures how much urea nitrogen remains in the blood that can be used as a test of renal function. Nevertheless, there are many factors aside from renal disease that can cause BUN alterations, including protein breakdown, hydration status and liver failure. Reference values of BUN: Adult: 7-20 mg/100 ml (men may have slightly higher values than women) Newborn: values slightly lower than adult ranges Elderly: value slightly increase due to lack of renal concentration Pregnancy: values decrease about 25% *Values differ slightly from laboratory to laboratory for all tests †¢ Catalyst for: the breakdown of protein during tissue metabolism †¢ Disorders/Diseases: Diseases or malfunction concerning the kidney often lead to increased blood levels of urea. 1. High Levels: azotemia ? Possible causes: o Dehydration o Impaired renal function o Stress o Shock o Congestive heart failure as a result of poor renal perfusion o Excessive protein intake o Hemorrhage into the gastrointestinal tract 2. Low Levels: A low BUN may have little significance but can cause liver problems. A decreased BUN may be caused by over hydration. A person with â€Å"syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic secretion (SIADH), an anti-diuretic hormone responsible for stimulating the kidney to conserve water causes high level of water retention in the bloodstream rather than excreted into the urine. SIADH can raise the BUN level, while important substances decrease because of the significant increase of fluid in the bloodstream. A decrease BUN level may be seen in: malnutrition, liver failure, over hydration, impaired nutrient absorption, anabolic steroid use (See â€Å"Blood Urea Nitrogen BUN†). Urea itself is non-toxic. 3). Creatinine †¢ Definition: A creatine anhydride with chemical formula of C4H7N3O, is formed by the metabolism of creatine. Creatine is found in muscle tissue and blood; it is excreted as a metabolic waste in the urine (See â€Å"Creatinine†). A small amount is actively secreted and mainly filtered by the kidney. There is tubular reabsorption of creatinine but compensated by almost the same degree of tubular secretion. Creatinine is a chemical waste molecule, generated from muscle metabolism. About 2% of the body’s creatine is converted to creatinine every day. It is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys. It is produced at a steady rate. Diet or normal physical activities have little effect on creatinine level. A malfunction of the kidney can decrease its level in the urine while raising its level in the blood (See â€Å"Creatinine and Creatinine Clearance†). †¢ Catalyst for: despite of being a waste, creatinine is vital for diagnostic function It is a reliable indicator of kidney function. †¢ Disorder/Diseases: 1. High Levels: This indicates a possible malfunction or failure of the kidneys. As the kidneys become impaired, creatinine level will rise. A high level suggests the following conditions of the kidney: -damage or swelling of the blood vessels in the kidneys known as glomerulonephritis. Prostate disease, kidney stone or urinary tract obstruction Reduced blood flow to the kidney 2. Low Levels: It is a rare occurrence that low level of creatinine would appear, and are not usually a cause for concern. Low levels of creatinine can be seen with conditions that results in decreased muscle mass (See â€Å"Creatinine: The Test†). Low creatinine is seen in some severe liver diseases as it is also seen in debilitation (See â€Å"Low Protein Diet Information for People with Kidney Diseases†) Normal level for: Adult males: approximately 0. 6 to 1. 2 milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dl) Adult females: 0. 5 to 1. 1 milligrams per deciliter Elderly: may have less creatinine in their blood than the norm Infants: 0. 2 or more depending on their muscle development Person w/ one kidney: 1. 8 or 1. 9 Creatinine levels that reach 2. 0 or more in babies and 10. 0 or more in adults may need to use a dialysis machine in order to remove wastes from the blood (See â€Å"Definition of Creatinine†). References: 1. â€Å"Glucose†. http://www. answers. com/topic/glucose 2. â€Å"What is diabetes? †. http://www. medicinenet. com/diabetes_mellitus/article. htm 3. â€Å"Definition of Urea†. http://www. medterms. com/script/main/art. asp? articlekey=5905 4. â€Å"What is Urea†. http://cahpwww. vet. upenn. edu/mun/mun_info. html 5. â€Å"Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN). http://www. rnceus. com/renal/renalbun. html 6. â€Å"Creatinine†. American Heritage dictionaries. http://www. answers. com/topic/creatinine 7. â€Å"Creatinine and Creatinine Clearance†. http://www. webmd. com/hw/lab_tests/hw4322. asp 8. â€Å"Creatinine: The Test†. http://www. labtestsonline. org/understanding/analytes/creatinine/test. html 9. â€Å"Low Protein Diet Information for People with Kidney Diseases†. http://www. geocities. com/HotSprings/Spa/3265/lowp. html 10. See â€Å"Definition of Creatinine†. http://www. medterms. com/script/main/art. asp? articlekey=12550 4. ) BUN/Creatinin ratio: †¢ Definition: BUN-to-creatinine ratio= 10:1-201 (over 12 months of age) =Up to 30:1 (infants less than 12 months of age) (See â€Å"Blood Urea Nitrogen†) http://www. bchealthguide. org/kbase/topic/medtest/aa36271/results. htm †¢ Disorder/Diseases: High Level: High ratios occur with acute kidney failure, which could be caused by conditions such as shock or severe dehydration Low Level: Can be associated with a diet low in protein, and severe muscle injury called rhabdomyolysis, pregnancy, cirrhosis, inadequate antidiuretic hormone secretion. (See â€Å"BUN/Creatinine ratio) http://www. thedoctorslounge. net/nephrology/forums/backup/topic-6481. html 5. ) Sodium: †¢ Definition: Sodium is deposited largely in the blood and in the fluid in the space surrounding the cells in our body. It is important in maintaining a normal fluid balance by all cells. †¢ Catalyst for: plays a key role in normal nerve and muscle function. †¢ Disorder/Disease: Healthy kidneys must have a consistent amount of sodium in the body. Excess amount is excreted in the urine. When the amount of sodium intake and loss are not in balance, the amount of water in the blood is affected.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer :: Essays Papers

Dietrich Bonhoeffer Dietrich Bonhoeffer was born on February 4th 1906, as a son of a professor of psychiatry and neurology at the University of Berlin. Throughout his early life he was an outstanding student, and when he finally reached the age of 25 he became a lecturer in systematic theology at the University Berlin. Something that is very striking is that when Hitler came to power in 1933, Bonhoeffer became a leading spokesman for the Confessing Church, the center of Protestant resistance to the Nazis. He organized and for a shot amount of time he led the underground seminary of the Confessing Church. His book Life Together describes the life of the Christian community in that seminary, and his book The Cost Of Discipleship attacks what he calls "cheap grace," meaning that grace used as an excuse for moral laxity. Bonhoeffer had been taught not to "resist the powers that be," but he came to a conclusion to believe that to do so was sometimes the right choice. In 1939 his brother-in-law introduced him to a group planning the overthrow of Hitler, and he made significant contributions to their work. (Bonhoeffer at this time was an employee of the Military Intelligence Department.) He was later arrested in April of 1943 and imprisoned in Berlin. After the failure of the attempt on Hitler's life in April of 1944, he was first sent to Buchenwald and then to Schoenberg Prison. Bonhoeffer was almost killed, but was lucky as his life was spared, because he had a relative who stood high in the government; but then this relative was himself implicated in anti-Nazi plots. On Sunday 8 Dietrich Bonhoeffer :: Essays Papers Dietrich Bonhoeffer Dietrich Bonhoeffer was born on February 4th 1906, as a son of a professor of psychiatry and neurology at the University of Berlin. Throughout his early life he was an outstanding student, and when he finally reached the age of 25 he became a lecturer in systematic theology at the University Berlin. Something that is very striking is that when Hitler came to power in 1933, Bonhoeffer became a leading spokesman for the Confessing Church, the center of Protestant resistance to the Nazis. He organized and for a shot amount of time he led the underground seminary of the Confessing Church. His book Life Together describes the life of the Christian community in that seminary, and his book The Cost Of Discipleship attacks what he calls "cheap grace," meaning that grace used as an excuse for moral laxity. Bonhoeffer had been taught not to "resist the powers that be," but he came to a conclusion to believe that to do so was sometimes the right choice. In 1939 his brother-in-law introduced him to a group planning the overthrow of Hitler, and he made significant contributions to their work. (Bonhoeffer at this time was an employee of the Military Intelligence Department.) He was later arrested in April of 1943 and imprisoned in Berlin. After the failure of the attempt on Hitler's life in April of 1944, he was first sent to Buchenwald and then to Schoenberg Prison. Bonhoeffer was almost killed, but was lucky as his life was spared, because he had a relative who stood high in the government; but then this relative was himself implicated in anti-Nazi plots. On Sunday 8

Principles of Modern Finance Sample Midterm

Principles of Modern Finance Spring 2013 Sample Midterm February 22, 2012 Instructions †¢ You have 1 hour and 40 minutes. †¢ The exam is out of 25 points. †¢ There are 22 multiple-choice questions. 19 questions are worth one point, 3 questions are worth two points and are marked as such. †¢ If you get stuck, move on and come back later. 1 1. A stock is expected to pay a dividend of $10 next year, and this dividend is expected to grow by 5% each year thereafter. What should the price of the stock be if instruments of similar risk are paying 12%? (a) $83. 33 (b) $142. 86 (c) $150 (d) $200 2. A project has the following cash? ows: Year 0 1 2 Cash? w +12000 ? 7080 ? 6654 The IRR of these cash? ows is 9%. Assets of similar risk pay 5%. Should you accept this project? (a) Yes (b) No 3. I am considering buying a Greek government bond that promises to pay $1210 in two years’ time. However, there is a possibility that the Greek government will default between now an d the promised payment. If the government does default, the bond will only pay $500. The probability of default is 0. 5. What should the price of the bond be if instruments of similar risk are paying 10%? (a) $1000 (b) $706. 62 (c) $413. 22 (d) $303. 68 4. I am enrolled in a 2-year MBA program, and have just started classes.To pay the tuition and living expenses, I borrow $50,000 per year (paid at the start of the year). The interest rate on the loan is 5%. I am certain to get a job at the end of the two years of study. That job will be guaranteed for ten years (from the date I start work), at a constant salary which will be paid at the end of each year of work. There are no taxes. I estimate that I will be able to save 1/4 of my income, whatever my income is. What is the minimum salary the job must have to allow me to pay o? my loans within ten years? (2pts) 2 (a) $43,050 (b) $50,000 (c) $55,752 (d) $61,339 5. A credit card company o? rs me a card with 20% APR, compounded daily. I make purchases of $3,000 on the card, and allow interest to accrue on those purchases for a year. Assuming each year has 365 days, the amount I will have to pay back is: (a) $3,315 (b) $3,600 (c) $3,664 (d) $3,901. 30 Answer the next two questions with reference to this information: Analysts argue that two things can happen over the next year: the economy can continue as it is or it can go into recession. The returns of two stocks: General Electric (GE) and Cisco (CSCO) in each possible state are given below: State Return on GE Continue as-is 15 Recession ? 5 Return on CSCO 5 -1 The analysts estimate the probability of continuing as-is to be 0. 8 , and the probability of a recession to be 0. 2. 6. What is the expected return on a portfolio which is 120% in GE and ? 20% in CSCO? (a) 10. 04% (b) 8% (c) 2. 55% (d) 0% 7. What is the variance of CSCO? (a) 1. 96%2 (b) 5. 76%2 (c) 13%2 (d) 23. 04%2 3 8. Alice can get a one-year loan at 5% at her bank, while no bank is willing to give Brad a one-year loan for less than 10%. Brad has just had surgery, and must pay the hospital $10,000 immediately, but he has no money today, though he will have money in one year. So Alice o? rs Brad a proposal: she will borrow $10,000 from her bank for one year on her own account, and Brad will repay this loan. In addition, he will pay Alice a sum of money today. What is the maximum amount that Brad should be willing to pay Alice up-front under this arrangement? Alice is not willing to consider borrowing more than $10,000. (2pts) (a) $454. 54 (b) $377. 18 (c) $476. 19 (d) $500 9. The risk-free interest rate today is 7%. One year ago, you bought an asset which is risk-free and would pay $100 two years from the date of purchase. The risk-free interest rate on the date of purchase was 10%. You sell the asset today.What is the rate of return (HPR) that you made? (a) 13% (b) 10% (c) 7% (d) 15% 10. The correlation between Alcoa (AA) and American Express (AXP) is 0. 3. You want to form a portf olio, investing 50% in each stock. What is the variance of your portfolio’s return? You have the following information: AA AXP 10 12 8 16 Expected return Standard deviation of return (a) 85. 76%2 (b) 99. 2%2 (c) 121%2 (d) 144%2 11. If you can get an 8% return (annual e? ective) on a ten year CD from your local bank, would it be wise to invest in a 10 year bond which promises to make a single payment of $1000 at the end of its life? Assume both are equally risky). This bond costs $475 now and will pay $1000 in ten years. 4 (a) Yes, the bond is better. (b) No, the bond is worse. (c) Can’t tell from information given 12. You are given the following information about portfolios of two risky assets, A and B: Weight in A Weight in B Std. dev. of portfolio 0 1 12 0. 5 0. 5 14 1 0 16 What is the covariance between A and B? (a) 192%2 (b) 168%2 (c) 224%2 (d) Cannot be determined 13. A ? rm in a well-functioning capital market has the following projects available. The risk-free r ate is 10%. Which should it invest in? NPV IRR X 10 15% Y 0. 3% Z -5 22% OCC 22% 5% 6% (a) X only (b) Z only (c) X and Y (d) X and Z (e) All three 5 14. You are considering investing in a bond. This bond costs $300 now and pays $550 in ten years. What is the IRR of this investment? (a) 1. 06% (b) 6. 25% (c) 8. 33% (d) 9. 01% Answer the next two questions using the following information: A project has the following expected cash ? ows. Year 0 1 2 Expected cash? ow ? 370 814 ? 447. 7 The IRR of these cash ? ows is 10%. 15. Which of the NPV functions on the following page best describes this project? (2pts) (a) Graph A (b) Graph B (c) Graph C (d) Graph D 16.Given your answer to the previous question, what is the range of discount rates for which you should accept this project? (a) 10% only (b) Greater than 10% (c) Less than 10% (d) Always accept, except at 10% (e) Always reject 6 NPV NPV 10% Discount rate 10% Discount rate Graph A Graph B NPV NPV 10% Discount rate 10% Discount rate Gra ph C Graph D 7 Answer the next six questions using the following information: Boeing is a very pro? table aeroplane manufacturer. It is considering building a facility to manufacture 747s on 10,000 acres in the Nevada desert. It is not considering any other sites.To encourage Boeing to set up the facility, the local chamber of commerce has bought the land and has o? ered to rent it to Boeing at a rent of zero dollars per year. Assume that this â€Å"gift† has no tax implications for Boeing. If Boeing were to try to rent the land in the open market, the rent would be $1,500 per acre per year, payable at the end of each year. Building the factory will cost Boeing $800M (800 million dollars), of which $200M is payable today and $600M will be need to be paid as soon as the factory begins production. It will take one year to build the factory and start production.The IRS says that the $800M cost can be depreciated (straight-line to zero) over the ? rst twenty years in which the fa ctory produces aeroplanes. However, Boeing expects that the demand for the 747 will eventually dry up, and so they plan to scrap the plant after the ? rst ten years of production. They expect the scrap will be sold for $100M. Boeing expects the facility to produce and sell three Boeing 747 aeroplanes a year, with the ? rst batch ready by the end of year 2. Raw materials cost $100M per plane, and labour costs will be $120M a year. Labour costs will be paid at the end of the year in which they are incurred.Raw material will be paid for one year late (i. e. , raw material costs incurred in year 2 will be paid at the end of year 3). Sales will be paid for two years late. Inventory is always 0. The price Boeing will receive for each plane is uncertain. It might be as high as $500M, or as low as $200M. Most likely, the price will be $400M. On average, the price they expect to receive is $350M. Boeing’s corporate o? ce is located in Chicago. Currently the CEO and his sta? make 120 ? ights a year in the corporate jet. Each ? ight costs $200,000. If the Nevada facility is built, the CEO will have to make ten more ? ghts a year, starting in the ? rst year of production, with the cost per ? ight being the same. The cost of the ? ights is incurred at the end of year in which the ? ights are made. The salary of the CEO will remain ? xed at $12m per year. However, the corporate o? ce has decided to allocate $1m per year of this cost to the Nevada project, should it be built, starting at the end of year 2. This allocation has no tax implications. Boeing has another project which they wanted to start today. This project has a single after-tax cash in? ow of $20 million one year after it is started (and no other in? ws or out? ows). Building the factory in Nevada will occupy executive time, and mean that Boeing will have to delay starting this project until the Nevada factory begins production. Taxes are expected to be 30%. The discount rate is 8%. 8 17. When calculatin g cash ? ows for NPV, the revenue in the income statement at the end of each year of production will be (a) $600M (b) $1050M (c) $1200M (d) $1500M 18. The expected cash ? ow the ? rm obtains from scrapping the plant after ten years of production is (a) $70M (b) $90M (c) $100M (d) $190M (e) $280M 19.The cost that you will show in the income statement for each year of production will be: (a) $420M (b) $422M (c) $423M (d) $438M 20. What is the working capital at the end of the second year of production? (a) ? $300M (b) $750M (c) $1050M (d) $1800M 21. What is your net cash ? ow two years after the plant has stopped producing, that is, at the end of year 13? (a) $0 (b) $735M (c) $750M (d) $1050M (e) $1800M 9 22. The PV today of the opportunity cost from delaying the other project is: (a) $20M (b) $18. 52M (c) $17. 15M (d) $1. 37M 10

Narrative Paragraph Essay

The toddler climbed laboriously up onto the stool, determined to â€Å"help† her mother. But her mother did not notice; she was far too busy with the frantic preparations for the birthday party. Ten three-year-olds and their mothers coming for an afternoon of treats, games and face painting: a herald of another party, ten years from now, when make up would be the order of the day, the child’s father had observed. As the mixer whirred and the dishwasher swished and the oven beeped its warning of impending culinary disaster, the child’s attempt to be a part of the busy-ness was more than her mother could attend to. She did not notice when the girl reached the top of the stool, nor did she see the tiny hand reach out toward the glinting beaters as they beat the pale golden batter. As she faced the oven, removing the first cookie tray, she heard the scream. Whirling, she took in the tiny hand held high, the tragic face, and the stream of scarlet mixing itself into th e cake. A kiss, a cuddle and a band-aid calmed the birthday girl; a shake of her head and a moment of revelation calmed her mother. A birthday candle in a cookie would be just fine. See more: how to start a narrative essay Paragraph Analysis Purpose: to tell a brief story Structure: no real thesis statement, as there is nothing to be proven in this paragraph, but there is an introductory sentence that establishes character, setting and situation, there are body sentences, and there is a concluding sentence that summarizes the resolution of the main conflict Language: language is relatively casual and includes a single example of the language of the three-year-old child to help establish character Features: narrative components such as plot, characters, setting, conflict and resolution are evident; use of onomatopoeia (â€Å"whirred,† â€Å"swished,† â€Å"beeped†) to mimic the distracting effects of the busy kitchen EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPH An expository paragraph explains something; its purpose is to help the reader understand. In order to ensure that the purpose is achieved, the writer of the paragraph may utilize a number of paragraph features and language techniques. One essential feature is logical organization. This may take a number of forms, including demonstrating cause and effect or following a  chronological order. Another important feature is providing support for the explanation being made. This support may consist of examples, illustrations, statistical or expert evidence, or even appropriate anecdotes. A final critical feature is clarity of language. The paragraph may make employ language devices such as metaphors or allusions to help illustrate its points, but they must be relatively straight forward and easy to follow so that no misunderstanding of the important points will occur. By employing these kinds of features and techniques, the writer of an expository paragraph will ensure that the paragraph’s meaning is clear to the reader. Paragraph Analysis Purpose: to explain some of the techniques used by the writer of an expository paragraph to achieve his or her purpose (!) Structure: The first sentence is a topic sentence; the second is the thesis statement. The body sentences list, explain and give examples of the paragraph’s features, and the concluding sentence summarizes the main point of the paragraph. Language: language is relatively formal Features: The paragraph uses a format of making a point followed by examples. There is â€Å"listing† transition (â€Å"One essential feature,† â€Å"Another important feature,† â€Å"A final critical feature†) between sentences to help the flow of the paragraph. PERSUASIVE PARAGRAPH Telephone solicitation is more than just an annoyance to those on the receiving end of the calls. In fact, telephone solicitation can be disastrous for people in all kinds of situations and, thus, must be stopped. For one thing, telephone solicitation typically occurs in the late afternoon and early evening, prime family time. This can cause chaos in two ways. One, continual interruption of shared family meal times, rare as they can be, can put a significant strain on family relationships; this is a troublesome point in light of the divorce statistics of today. Even worse, when families are embroiled in homework wars or are having trouble getting toddlers to bed, a poorly-timed telephone call may be the straw that breaks the camel’s back, moving the suffering parents to lose their cool  completely. This could result in a form of domestic violence, verbal or even physical: yet another reason for a family to break apart. Another way in which telephone solicitation can prove dangerous to people stems from its very familiarity. Because so many telephone calls come from telephone solicitors, offering everything from insurance opportunities to vinyl siding, the calls become accepted as a legitimate way to do business. This plays into the hands of criminals. The trust individuals place in the honesty of the legitimate solicitors is extended to those who are, in fact, dishonest and out to abscond with the proceeds of others’ bank accounts. Clearly, in order to save families and their hard-earned dollars, telephone solicitation should be banned. Paragraph Analysis Purpose: to convince the reader that telephone solicitation should be banned Structure: introductory sentence, thesis statement (sentence #2), body sentences which provide examples for points made, a concluding sentence which states the thesis in stronger terms Language: language is emotionally loaded at times (ex., â€Å"disastrous,† â€Å"chaos,† â€Å"embroiled in homework wars,† â€Å"domestic violence†); added words such as â€Å"Clearly† in the concluding sentence makes it difficult to argue against the point Features: strong rhetorical language; a variety of sentence lengths keep the paragraph moving; short sentences highlight and give â€Å"punch† to inflammatory statements (ex., â€Å"This plays into the hands of criminals.†); stops argument by stating that the evidence â€Å"clearly† supports the thesis LITERARY PARGRAPH Holden Caulfield, the narrator and protagonist of J.D.Salinger’s well-known novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is an unreliable narrator. This leads the reader to suspect that Holden’s story is not all that is appears, and coaxes the reader to look more deeply into the character and his situation. Very early in the novel, Holden himself casts doubt on his reliability as a narrator when he confesses to his in-story audience, a psycho-therapist, that he is â€Å"the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life. It’s awful† (Chapter 3). This self-indictment alerts the reader to the fact that everything Holden says will need to be taken with a grain of salt and that it will be important to look beyond the surface of the text. Later in the  novel, Holden relates a story about his date with a girlfriend in which she tells him to stop yelling at a club. He protests that he â€Å"wasn’t even yelling† but it is clear from his description that he probably was yelling, and that his girlfriend was trying to calm him down. This incident, and others like it, suggests that Holden is not good at monitoring his own behaviour. This again calls into question Holden’s explanations of what goes on in the novel and encourages the reader to look seriously at the words spoken by the other characters, even if they are related through Holden’s eyes. Thus, through both Holden’s explicit assessments of his own personality and the implicit meaning of the events in the story, the reader can see that Holden Caulfield is a less-than-reliable narrator whose story must be examined deeply in order to be understood. Paragraph Analysis Purpose: to interpret and explain an aspect of a literary text Structure: First two sentences work together to alert the reader to the topic and the thesis. The body sentences extend the discussion, and the conluding sentence restated the thesis. Language: language is formal and makes use of integrated quotations to add to the authority of the interpretation Features: identifies the title of the work and the author in the introductory sentence; uses literary terms (i.e., â€Å"unreliable narrator†); uses integrated quotations to support the discussion; remains focused exclusively on the text (no â€Å"real life† references)

Theory of Homeopathy Abstract Essays

Theory of Homeopathy Abstract Essays Theory of Homeopathy Abstract Paper Theory of Homeopathy Abstract Paper Gibson, S. , MacNeill, A. , Buchanan, W. (1980). Homeopathic Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Evaluation by Double-Blind Clinical Therapeutic Trial, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 9, 453-459. Jennifer, J. , Jimenez, M. , Gloyd, S. (1994, May). Treatment of Acute Childhood Diarrhea with Homeopathic Medicine: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Nicaragua. Pediatrics,93, (5) 719-25. Khuda-Bukhsh A. R. , Banik, S. (1991). Assessment of Cytogenetic Damage in X-irradiated Mice and its Alteration by Oral Administration of Potentized Homeopathic Drug. Berlin Journal of Research in Homeopathy,1, 254. Kleijnen, J. , Knipschild, P. , Riet, G.. (1991, February 9). Clinical trials of Homeopathy. British Medical Journal, 302, 516(8). Langman M. (1997, October). Homeopathy: Does it really work? Or is it merely a placebo effect? Healthfacts, 22, 3. Reilly, D. T. , Taylor, M. A. , McSharry, C. , Aitchison,T. (1986). Is Homeopathy a Placebo Response? Controlled Trial of Homeopathic Potency, with Pollen in Hayfever as Model. Lancet,2, (8512) 881-886. Websters New World Dictionary. (1982). (2nd ed).. Springfield, MA: G.

Timeline of the Algerian War of Independence

Timeline of the Algerian War of Independence Here is a timeline of the Algerian War of Independence. It dates from the time of French colonization to the end of the Battle of Algiers. The Wars Origins in French Colonization of Algeria 1830 Algiers is occupied by France. 1839 Abd el-Kader declares war on the French after their meddling in the administration of his territory. 1847 Abd el-Kader surrenders. France finally subjugates Algeria. 1848 Algeria is recognized as an integral part of France. The colony is opened to European settlers. 1871 Colonization of Algeria increases in response to the loss of the Alsace-Lorraine region to the German Empire. 1936 Blum-Viollette reform is blocked by French Settlers. March 1937 The Parti du Peuple Algerien (PPA, Algerian Peoples Party) is formed by the veteran Algerian nationalist Messali Hadj. 1938 Ferhat Abbas forms the Union Populaire Algrienne (UPA, Algerian Popular Union). 1940 World War IIFall of France. 8 November 1942 Allied landings in Algeria and Morocco. May 1945 World War II Victory in Europe.Independence demonstrations in Stif turn violent. French authorities respond with severe reprisals leading to thousands of Muslim deaths. October 1946 The Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Liberts Dmocratiques (MTLD, Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties) replaces the PPA, with Messali Hadj as president. 1947 The Organization Spciale (OS, Special Organization) is formed as a paramilitary arm of the MTLD. 20 September 1947 A new constitution for Algeria is established. All Algerian citizens are offered French citizenship (of equal status to those of France). However, when an Algerian National Assembly is convened it is skewed to settlers compared to indigenous Algerians two politically equal 60-member colleges are created, one representing the 1.5 million European settlers, the other for 9 million Algerian Muslims. 1949 Attack on the central post office of Oran by the Organization Spciale (OS, Special Organization). 1952 Several leaders of the Organization Spciale (OS, Special Organization) are arrested by French Authorities. Ahmed Ben Bella, however, manages to escape to Cairo. 1954 The Comit Rvolutionaire dUnit et dAction (CRUA, Revolutionary Committee for Unity and Action) is set up by several former members of the Organization Spciale (OS, Special Organization). They intend to lead the revolt against French rule. A conference in Switzerland by CRUA officials sets out the future administration of Algeria after the defeat of the French six administrative districts (Wilaya) under the command of a military chief are established. June 1954 New French government under the Parti Radical (Radical Party) and with Pierre Mends-France as chairman of the Council of Ministers, an acknowledged opponent of French colonialism, withdraws troops from Vietnam following the fall of Dien Bien Phu. This is seen by Algerians as a positive step towards recognition of independence movements in French-occupied territories.

Good life two additional philosophical Research Paper

Good life two additional philosophical - Research Paper Example No one is therefore born good or evil, virtuous or the opposite, because everyone becomes virtuous only by virtue of deed. In fact, for Aristotle, â€Å"By doing the acts we do in our transactions with other men we become just or unjust† (II.1). Thus, no one can be called just or unjust unless he proves this through his dealings with his fellowmen. This alone presupposes that what Aristotle meant by a good life is a life of moral or virtuous action towards one’s fellowman. Moreover, for Aristotle, â€Å"happiness† is doing something for the sake of doing it and never for a particular purpose. The Greek philosopher defines â€Å"happiness† as the â€Å"end of the things we do, which we desire for its own sake† (Aristotle I.2). Aristotle, therefore, gives us a very strict definition of happiness, equating it with something that is desired just for itself. This therefore does not translate as money, career, friends and family because these things are not desired for themselves but for the happiness that they can give us. For Aristotle, happiness is virtue and the only way to attain it is by living the virtuous life, or the good life. The good life is therefore â€Å"the good and noble performance of [a man’s function which is based on a rational principle]† (Aristotle I.7). From this statement of Aristotle’s, not everyone can attain true happiness because the fulfillment of a good and noble purpose as a rational being cannot possibly be performed by all people. Therefore, the good life can only be had by those who live the virtuous and noble life according to rational principles. If, therefore, one is a teacher, then he must teach virtuously for that is what a good and noble life means to him, and so this life brings him happiness. For Aristotle, the good or virtuous life can only be had if one understands the meaning of virtue. According to the Nicomachean Ethics, virtue seeks â€Å"the

Case Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Analysis - Research Paper Example It transports more passengers, and it is also offers more regular schedule for domestic flights compared to its competitors. It offers low fares than any other airline because of its low-operating expenses. Chris Lauer accounts â€Å"Southwest Airlines is the largest low-fare carrier in the world† (1). Southwest’s also has a good customer service, a dedicated staff and personnel, and an exceptional management team that keeps on making an excellent pricing and marketing plan for the company. One of Southwest’s successful strategies is serving less congested airports that helped minimize total travel time for passengers, and this allowed the company to avoid paying the higher landing fees and terminal gate costs. Southwest is routinely improving its information system for faster flow of information in order to enhance the airlines function, cut costs, and improve its customer service On account of Southwest’s aim to carry out its low-fare strategy continually, the company operated only one type of aircraft. Along with this, Southwest flight attendants were responsible for cleaning up trash left by passengers and getting the plane presentable for the next flight while rival carriers had cleaning crews. The airline also did not have a first-class section on any of its planes. Also, passengers with checked baggage who were connecting to other carriers in order to reach their destinations were not offered baggage transfer services. Southwest also has a tarnished reputation regarding the management’s failure to conduct the required inspections for fuselage fatigue cracking. Southwest’s has growth opportunities by having a first-class section on its planes and by serving more domestic flights and possibly international flights. The airline should also offer a baggage transfer services to passengers who have connecting flights with other carriers in order to improve its customer service.